International Relations

The study of how countries, organizations, and other global actors interact on the world stage, focusing on diplomacy, conflict, and cooperation.
President Barack Obama chairs a United Nations Security Council meeting at U.N. Headquarters in New York City, Sept. 24, 2009. (Official White House photo by Pete Souza)
President Barack Obama chairs a United Nations Security Council meeting at U.N. Headquarters in New York City, Sept. 24, 2009. (Official White House photo by Pete Souza)
Contents

    Overview

    This section provides a brief introduction to the field of international relations (IR), including its major areas of study, central questions, and other topics important to understanding global politics and international affairs.

    International relations is the study of how sovereign states, non-state entities, and other global actors interact or come into conflict. It is a discipline focused on the interactions between countries and non-state actors such as multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations on a global scale.

     

    International relations examines the political, economic, social, and cultural relationships that shape the behavior and decisions of states and non-state actors in the international system. It also explores how countries cooperate, compete, manage conflict, and engage with diplomacy, trade, security, human rights, and global governance. International relations is interdisciplinary, using insights from fields such as history, politics, and economics to understand problems in world affairs.

     

    For an in-depth description of international relations, see the article provided by Encyclopedia Britannica's public website.

    International relations studies cover a wide range of topic areas. However, most universities traditionally divide these topical areas into the following key areas of study:

    • Foreign Policy
    • International Law
    • International Organizations
    • International Political Economy
    • International Security 

    International relations is one of the most interdisciplinary social sciences. The typical IR major will likely take core courses and electives in economicsforeign languagehistorylaw, and political science.

    Literature Reviews

    After choosing a topic, conducting a literature review is the next step of the writing process for every social science discipline, including international relations. Two of the most valuable starting points for a literature review are Annual Reviews and Oxford Bibliographies. These resources are designed specifically to help scholars quickly understand the key debates, theories, and major publications in a field. 

    Oxford Bibliographies provides scholarly bibliographies in most social science disciplines, including international relations. materials selected and organized by academic scholars. These bibliographies can also help researchers begin building literature reviews by identifying important authors, major debates, foundational studies, and key publications on different international relations topics.

    IR Reference

    Reference sources are valuable at the beginning of research because they provide background information, key concepts, and important historical context before you advance to more specialized literature such as journals and books. Reference materials also help clarify terminology, identify major events, organizations, and scholars, and often point researchers toward foundational books, articles, and primary sources.

    Atlases and maps provide valuable spatial and geographic context, helping scholars and researchers understand how geography, borders, resources, and territory influence politics, power, and international relations. Maps are especially important for revealing politically disputed areas, changing boundaries, and regions with overlapping claims.

     

    Map and Atlas Databases

     

    ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World is a large, curated collection of authoritative geographic datasets, interactive maps, and analytical layers designed for use within the ArcGIS platform. Maintained by Esri, it provides global information on topics such as demographics, climate, infrastructure, land use, and environmental change, allowing users to incorporate reliable spatial data directly into maps, dashboards, and GIS analyses. Although ArcGIS requires a subscription, some layers on the site are public.

    HistoAtlas is an open-access, collaborative digital atlas that uses historical Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to map how human societies and political landscapes have changed over time. Histo Atlas reconstructs world history through interactive maps, allowing users to explore how political borders, cultural regions, and major historical events evolved across time within a shared geographic framework.

    The Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection provides digitized historical and contemporary maps covering global regions, thematic maps, and country maps. Hosted by the University of Texas, this collection includes historical world maps organized by region and theme that are useful to political and international relations researchers.

    Sovereign Limits is a detailed digital repository mapping out every internationally recognized land and maritime border. It offers both an interactive web map and downloadable GIS data. Each border in the database is accompanied by a “Boundary Brief,” which outlines the boundary’s history, key legal/treaty documents, and annotated maps. 

    Developed by academics at SciencePo (the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris), one of France’s most prestigious universities, located primarily in Paris, the World Atlas of Global Issues is an illustrated thematic atlas that uses maps and data visualizations to examine major global issues, including demographics, development, environmental change, health, conflict, and economic disparities, highlighting geographic patterns and regional differences.

     

    Print Maps and Atlases

     

    bibliography lists sources cited in research papers, such as books, articles, documents, websites, and other academic materials. Oxford Bibliographies is widely regarded as the leading scholarly reference source for expert-curated bibliographies across disciplines.

     

    Dictionaries are important for understanding and contextualizing words, concepts, and terminology. Various political science dictionaries provide clarity when exploring complex political concepts, systems, and theories, offering clear definitions of key political terms.

    Subject encyclopedias are specialized reference works providing in-depth information on specific discipline topics. Unlike general encyclopedias that cover a wide range of topics, subject encyclopedias focus exclusively on one field, offering detailed and comprehensive entries written by experts. For a list of general and specialized encyclopedia databases, go to Getting Started – Reference Resources.

    Handbooks provide authoritative overviews, in-depth analyses, and critical discussions of a particular academic field, discipline, or topic. The following are important general handbooks in political science.

    Filter Categories
    All A-Z
    Comparative Politics
    Diplomacy
    Economics
    Emotions
    Global Policy
    History
    Human Rights
    International Law
    International Relations (General)
    Migration
    NATO
    Norms
    Organizations
    Research Methods
    Security
    Sociology
    Theory
    United Nations

    Introductions provide brief but comprehensive introductions to a subject. Written by experts, introductions present key ideas, theories, and debates understandably. The following books are ideal for readers new to political science, providing foundational knowledge without requiring prior expertise.

     

    Yearbooks provide up-to-date facts and figures about countries around the world, including political and economic overviews, information about governments, leaders, and political parties, key statistics (e.g., population, GDP, exports/imports, etc.), and information on history, society, media, and international relations.

    IR Subject Databases

    International relations subject databases are highly relevant to IR topics such as diplomacy, security studies, international organizations, and foreign and public policy. Specialized IR databases include more comprehensive coverage of core international relations journals, including specialized publications that might not appear in general databases.

    International relations research databases overlap heavily with political science databases. Many journals, theories, and research topics are shared across both disciplines. As a result, most databases that provide international relations journals and articles also provide broader political science literature.

    EBSCO Political Science Complete is a full-text research database providing comprehensive coverage of political science literature, including journals, books, conference papers, and other publications. It encompasses various sub-disciplines within political science, such as political theory, comparative politics, international relations, public administration, and more.

    International Political Science Abstracts provides citations and abstracts from roughly 900 journals and yearbooks in political science, international relations, and public administration, covering publications from 1975 to the present, with abstracts in English and French. Although technically an abstracting journal, a searchable database format is available through SAGE.

    The Political Science Network  sits on SSRN  an online repository and preprint server where researchers can upload working papers. It is an open-access service that provides “early print” research and working papers before they are published in journals. SSRN includes exploratory investigations, book chapters, PhD dissertations, course and teaching materials, presentations, and research posters.

    ProQuest’s Political Science is a major political science database providing access to high-quality, full-text articles from over 500 leading scholarly, peer-reviewed political science and international relations journals. ProQuest Political Science also provides access to recent, full-text political science dissertations from U.S. and Canadian universities and current working papers from the Political Science Research Network.

    Worldwide Political Science Abstracts provides citations, abstracts, and indexing of the international serials literature in political science and its complementary fields, including international relations, law, and public administration. 67% of the monitored journals are published outside the United States, and nearly 500,000 records beginning in 1975. Coverage includes general political science, international relations, and comparative politics.

    International Public Policy Databases

    Because public policy research draws from different types of resources such as government reports, policy analysis, think-tank publications, and scholarly literature, using specialized public policy databases is important for identifying authoritative sources and understanding how policies are developed, debated, and implemented globally.

    Columbia International Affairs Online (CIAO) is a comprehensive public policy resource for the study and practice of international relations, global policy, and diplomacy. Developed by Columbia University Press, CIAO provides scholarly journals, policy briefs, conference proceedings, working papers, and e-books produced by leading think tanks, research institutes, and publishers worldwide. CIAO also provides case studies, country profiles, and interactive datasets.

    Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a nonpartisan research agency within the Library of Congress that provides in-depth policy analysis to members of the U.S. Congress.  These reports cover a wide range of topics considered important to U.S. interests and affairs, including foreign affairs, international relations, economics, healthcare, defense, energy, and the environment, providing members of Congress with the necessary background information on policies.

    Overton is the world’s largest database for tracking the influence of research on public policy. Overton provides policy documents, official reports, guidelines, and parliamentary records from governments, think tanks, and international organizations worldwide. It has the largest collection of policy-related material, hard-to-find resources, and gray literature linked to academic research.

    The PAIS® Index is a public policy database that tracks scholarship and policy research in public affairs, social sciences, and international relations. First developed in 1914 to organize literature on important public issues, PAIS provides a comprehensive index of journal articles, books, government documents, statistical reports, conference proceedings, and gray literature from around the world.

    Policy Commons is a public policy database that provides access to policy reports, working papers, briefs, and other publications from think tanks, NGOs, research institutes, and international organizations. It contains millions of documents covering topics such as economics, governance, environment, health, and international affairs. It also includes archived content from organizations that no longer maintain their own websites.

    Policy File Index is a ProQuest database that provides public policy research and analysis produced by think tanks, nongovernmental organizations, research institutes, and university centers. It covers topics such as economics, foreign policy, security, environment, education, and social issues. It also includes materials such as policy briefs, reports, and working papers, which are primarily published in the United States.

    Primary Sources & Government Documents

    Primary sources are essential for IR research, providing access to the raw materials of international affairs, including declassified intelligence files, diplomatic cables, congressional records, treaty texts, and legal documents. They are particularly valuable for foreign policy history, security studies, and international law.

    The Digital National Security Archive is a collection of declassified U.S. government documents focused on national security, foreign policy, military history, intelligence, and diplomacy. It provides records from agencies such as the White House, CIA, Department of State, and Department of Defense, making it a valuable resource for studying major international events, conflicts, and policy decisions from the Cold War to the present. DNSA is available through the ProQuest platform.

    HeinOnline is a large online collection of law and government publications. It provides access to legal journals, court documents, treaties, government records, constitutions, and historical legal materials from the United States and around the world.

    ProQuest Congressional is a database of U.S. government and congressional publications, both historic and current. It includes bills, hearings, laws, committee reports, the Congressional Record, and other official documents that show how government policies and decisions are made. The database also provides tools for tracking legislation and exploring debates, public issues, and the political history of the United States. 

    Country Profiles

    Country profiles are important to the study of international relations because they provide concise, reliable overviews of a country’s political system, economy, society, and foreign relations.  

    BBC News Country Profiles provides historical overviews, economic conditions, institutional backgrounds, and a summary of current political events. Information provided includes current heads of state, major political figures, population, capitals, monetary units, and major religions.

    CountryWatch is a geopolitical and global subscription news resource providing country reports for nearly 200 countries.  It provides regularly updated publications for each country, including demographic, political, economic, business, cultural, and environmental information. Topics covered include political and economic conditions, current events, business, and history.

    The CQ Political Handbook of the World, published by SAGE Congressional Quarterly, provides country-level data for more than 200 nations. It offers detailed information about political history,  social movements, economics, and current issues. Users can browse by political and electoral systems across seven categories, including regime type, democracy, type, Freedom House Rating, election rules, party, system, and system of government.

    EIU Viewpoint (formerly Viewswire) is the new EIU platform that combines three products: Country Analysis, Financial Risk, and Operational Risk. Access to individual products depends on an institution’s subscription. EIU Viewpoint provides political, policy, and economic analysis and data. It includes in-depth country reports, forecasts, analysis, and expert opinions on matters of economic and geopolitical significance.

    Europa World Plus is the online version of the famous reference source, Europa World Year Book. It provides political, economic, and historical information for over 250 countries and territories, including statistics. Europa World Plus also contains the nine-volume Europa Regional Surveys of the World series. Europa provides up-to-date government lists and recent election results for every country in the world, as well as a who’s who of major political figures.

    Freedom House is a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in the United States that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political rights, and civil liberties worldwide. Freedom House – Countries and Territories provides ratings of citizens’ access to political rights and civil liberties in 210 countries and 15 territories, ranging from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free).

    The Statesman’s Yearbook provides country profiles, with information on key historical events, demographics, city profiles, social statistics, climate, recent elections, current leaders, defense, international relations, economy, energy and natural resources, industry, international trade, religion, culture, and diplomatic representatives, and more.

    World Bank Country Profiles are comprehensive reports and data summaries that provide an overview of the economic and social conditions of individual countries. These profiles are published by the World Bank, an international financial institution that provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries for over 150 nations.

    IR Journals

    When conducting scholarly research, you should cite articles from high-quality peer-reviewed journals. Journal Citation Reports (JCR) is widely regarded as one of the best and most authoritative subscription databases for evaluating the impact and quality of scholarly journals.

    Journal Citation Reports ranks Marine Policy as the most-cited international relations journal. To review the entire list, go to Journal Citation Reports and choose Categories > Social Sciences, General > International Relations. Listed below are the 10 most cited international relations journals.

    Marine Policy

    Marine Policy is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research on marine and ocean governance, resource management, environmental issues, and the laws and institutions that shape how nations and other actors use the seas. Issues such as maritime boundary governance, international fishing agreements, enforcement of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), marine environmental protection, and shared resource management are of particular importance to international relations scholars.

    Journal Site

    International Organization

    International Organization is a peer-reviewed academic journal that examines how states, international institutions, and political systems interact across national borders. It publishes research, theoretical, and empirical articles on cooperation and conflict, global governance, international political economy, and security.

    Journal Site

    Journal of Peace Research

    The Journal of Peace Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research on the causes of violence, the dynamics of conflict, and strategies for resolving conflicts peacefully.

    Journal Site

    Journal of Conflict Resolution

    Journal of Conflict Resolution is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research on the causes, dynamics, and resolution of human conflict. It covers a range of conflict types, including international conflict between states as well as intergroup and interpersonal conflict. It draws on political science, sociology, economics, psychology, and related fields to understand why conflicts occur and how they can be managed or resolved. 

    Journal Site

    International Studies Quarterly

    International Studies Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal published quarterly on behalf of the International Studies Association. It features original research on international studies — including topics like foreign policy, global politics, international political economy, security, conflict, and cross-border social and political processes.

    Journal Site

    Emerging Markets Finance and Trade

    Emerging Markets Finance and Trade is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research about the economic and financial issues facing emerging markets (economies that are in the process of industrializing and integrating into the global system). It features empirical studies on topics like financial markets, investment, exchange rates, economic growth, and trade in countries across Asia, Latin America, Africa, and beyond. 

    Journal Site

    Political Studies

    Political Studies is a quarterly, peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research across all areas of political science and international relations. Topics covered include how politics operates across countries and at the global level. Its articles examine government, political ideas, public policy, power, and political behavior.

    Journal Site

    World Politics

    World Politics is a peer-reviewed academic journal editorially sponsored by the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies at Princeton University. It publishes analytical/theoretical articles and book reviews on international relations and comparative politics.  

    Journal Site

    International Affairs

    International Affairs is a peer-reviewed academic journal focused on global affairs and international relations. First published in 1922 by the policy institute Chatham House, it provides research on geopolitical and international issues and important events occurring in international relations today.

    Journal Site

    World Economy

    The World Economy is a well-established, peer-reviewed scholarly journal that focuses on how the global economy actually works in practice. The journal publishes research that explains how countries trade with one another, how money and investment move across borders, and how economic policies affect growth and development around the world.

    Journal Site

    IR Research Methods

    Research methods are how researchers gather and study information to help answer questions. Research methods are the specific strategies, tools, and techniques researchers use to collect and analyze information to answer questions or solve problems.

    Research methods can be qualitative (like interviews or observations) or quantitative (numerical and statistical).

    As a student, you’ll likely take a research methods course that introduces you to the basics of how social science research works. Below are some of the most helpful resources available that explain different types of research methods and discuss how to collect and analyze both qualitative and quantitative data.

    Sage Research Methods

    Sage Research Methods is a major subscription database that guides users in understanding research methodologies across different academic disciplines. It provides electronic access to reference books, journal articles, instructional videos, and other qualitative methods resources.

    Sage Research Methods

    The following subject-specific books provide in depth explanations of research design concepts, methodologies, and techniques used in International Relations. 

    The icons next to each resource indicate its access requirements.

    Open source / Free

    Subscription required

    Do You Know
    More than 300 years before international relations was recognized as a formal academic discipline, Dutch diplomat Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) was its intellectual founder by arguing in his 1625 work De Jure Belli ac Pacis, that war must follow rules. Learn More
    Hugo Grotius
    Source: Portrait of Hugo Grotius by Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, 1631.