Political Science
The study of government, politics, and power, how they work, how they’re organized, and how they affect people’s lives.

Overview
Political science is the study of how people organize, distribute, and use power within communities, nations, and the international system. The field combines theory and empirical research to examine government institutions, political behavior, and the ideas that shape political life at every level of society.
Political science explores how laws are made and enforced, how citizens choose their leaders, and how leaders and citizens interact to affect social, economic, and global outcomes.
Diplomat, playwright, and historian Niccolò Machiavelli (1469 – 1527), author of The Prince, is considered the first modern Western political scientist. Learn more

Portrait by Santi di Tito, c. 1550–1600.
Political Science FAQ
If you’re new to doing political science research, you may have questions about the field. Below are four frequently asked questions with links to resources that explain the discipline and what you can expect from majoring in the field.
What do political scientist study?
Political scientists study a wide range of topics, including the structure and function of governments, the implementation of public policies, the political psychology of individuals and groups, and the dynamics of political processes. For an in-depth description of the field of political science, see the free article provided by Encyclopedia Britannica's public website.
What are the main fields of political science study?
Political science studies cover a wide range of topic areas. However, most universities traditionally divide political science into four main areas of study:
- American government
- Comparative politics
- International relations
- Political theory
What other subjects are important to political research?
Political science is one of the most interdisciplinary disciplines studied in the social sciences. It draws from law, history, economics, public policy, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and many other disciplines.
Political methodology is also an area of growing importance in political science. Political methodologists specialize in developing and applying quantitative and qualitative research methods in political science. Political science majors are required to take at least one political methods course that teaches them various research methods.
What resources are available for new political science majors?
If you’re considering or just starting as a political science major, these resources will give you helpful background and direction. They explain what to expect from the major and the wide variety of career paths it can lead to.
- Tips for Choosing to Study Political Science (American Association of Political Science)
- What You Need to Know About Becoming a Political Science Major (U.S. News & World Report)
- What Can You Do With Your Political Science Degree? (Princeton Review/Youtube)
Political Reference
Political reference sources provide a convenient means of locating background information on major political events, key figures, key concepts, and significant political issues. This section lists major political science reference materials by type, beginning with Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press Library, one of the most well-known databases for U.S. government reference information.
CQ Press Library is one of the best-known reference databases for U.S. politics and government research. Resources focus on the American government, U.S. politics, current affairs, U.S. political history, and public policy. It includes many unique reference databases, particularly useful for congressional research and locating basic data on voting and elections.
The following are some of the most comprehensive reference resources used by political science researchers. Images are linked to either publisher websites or Amazon pages, providing full descriptions of each resource.
Almanacs & Yearbooks
Political almanacs provide information about political systems, elections, government officials, and related data. They include election results, biographical and professional details of current and past government officials, overviews of legislatures, profiles of major and minor political parties, and summaries of major policy issues.
Yearbooks, such as Europa World Year Book and The Statesman's Yearbook, are annual reference books that provide up-to-date information and statistics about countries and international organizations worldwide. They include political and economic overviews, information about governments, leaders, political parties, key economic statistics, and other factual details.
Atlases & Maps
Atlases and maps provide valuable spatial and geographic context, helping scholars and researchers understand how geography, borders, resources, and territory influence politics, power, and international relations. Maps are especially important for revealing politically disputed areas, changing boundaries, and regions with overlapping claims.
Best subscription database for international land and maritime boundaries
Sovereign Limits is a detailed digital repository mapping out every internationally recognized land and maritime border. It offers both an interactive web map and downloadable GIS data. Each border in the database is accompanied by a “Boundary Brief,” which outlines the boundary’s history, key legal/treaty documents, and annotated maps.
Other Atlas and Map Resources
Bibliographies
A bibliography lists the sources referenced in a research project, including books, articles, documents, websites, and other academic materials used in the research.
Oxford Bibliographies provides scholarly bibliographies in various social science disciplines, including anthropology, communication, criminology, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each bibliography provides a list of authoritative books, journal articles, websites, and other materials, all organized by academic scholars. Sources are organized thematically, including a summary and evaluation of each source and a brief description of its significance or relevance to the topic.
Dictionaries
Dictionaries are important for understanding and contextualizing words, concepts, and terminology. Various political science dictionaries provide clarity when exploring complex political concepts, systems, and theories, offering clear definitions of key political terms.
Encyclopedias
Subject encyclopedias are specialized reference sources that provide detailed information on topics within a particular academic discipline. Unlike general encyclopedias that cover many fields broadly, subject encyclopedias concentrate on one area, offering in-depth, expert-written entries. For encyclopedias focused on specific political science subfields, consult the Reference section in that specific political subfield guide.
Handbooks
Handbooks provide authoritative overviews, in-depth analyses, and critical discussions of a particular academic field, discipline, or topic. The following are important general political science handbooks. For handbooks focused on specific political science subfields, consult the reference section of that specific political subfield guide.
Introductions
Introductions provide brief but comprehensive introductions to a subject. Written by experts, introductions present key ideas, theories, and debates understandably. The following books are ideal for readers new to political science, providing foundational knowledge without requiring prior expertise.
Political Subfields
This section provides links to guides for the four main areas of study in political science, as well as to some of the most-studied subfields. Scroll through the listing or view all subfields.
General Article Databases
Academic libraries subscribe to a diverse range of research databases of which EBSCO and ProQuest are two of the largest providers. Most colleges and universities offer access to one or both platforms. Here are some key insights about each:
- Both are multidisciplinary research databases covering multiple disciplines.
- Both provide access to dozens of subject databases with a single search interface, which allows users to search multiple databases simultaneously.
- Both provide a varied mix of e-books, scholarly journals, peer-reviewed journals, trade publications, magazines, images, and newspapers.
EBSCO
EBSCOhost is a major research database platform that allows users to search multiple EBSCO databases simultaneously. The difference between EBSCOhost and Academic Search is that Academic Search can be searched as part of the EBSCOhost platform or searched separately if your institution has a subscription. To check if your institution subscribes to EBSCOhost, use EBSCO’s Find your institution page.
ProQuest
ProQuest is a major database vendor and platform that provides access to hundreds of database collections. The ProQuest platform provides a multidisciplinary search with access to scholarly ebooks, journals, video and audio, newspapers, and more, all searchable simultaneously. ProQuest is unique for providing dissertations and theses, historical newspapers, and other primary sources.
Scholarly Article Databases
Scholarly research databases provide peer-reviewed academic journal articles, book reviews, and other scholarly resources authored by scholars, researchers, or academics who are experts in their fields. Unlike magazines (Time, Newsweek, etc.) focused on current events, news, and general-interest stories written by journalists, articles in scholarly journals undergo rigorous review before publication.
If your assignment requires the use of scholarly, peer-reviewed articles, here is a list of the most important multidisciplinary scholarly research databases.
If your assignment requires the use of scholarly, peer-reviewed articles, here is a list of the most important multidisciplinary scholarly research databases.
Google Scholar
Google Scholar is a free academic search engine that helps researchers and studentsfind scholarly literature across disciplines. It indexes journal articles, books, conference papers, theses, patents, and other resources from academic publishers, universities, and professional organizations.
- Unlike subscription databases, which publish lists of journals in their collections, Google Scholar does not provide a list of the journals, books, repositories, or conference proceedings it indexes.
- General databases such as EBSCO and ProQuest allow you to limit your results to peer-reviewed articles only. Google Scholar does not filter results for peer-reviewed articles.
- When off your school’s network, you must enable your institution’s Google Scholar library links (review process) to see full-text articles available in your institution. If Library Links are not enabled, you’ll only see paywalls, publisher links, and what’s available open-access in the public domain.
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
The International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS), compiled by the British Library of Political and Economic Science at the London School of Economics, provides access to a vast collection of scholarly literature in the social sciences. Covering multiple disciplines, IBSS includes references to journal articles, books, newspapers, and dissertations, with records dating back to 1951.
JSTOR
JSTOR is an important scholarly research database for the humanities, social sciences, and sciences. It provides the full text of articles from thousands of influential academic journals. In addition to journal articles, users can access eBooks, book chapters, images, and primary source documents. JSTOR also provides an AI research tool that provides key points and arguments of articles.
JSTOR contains the full text of more than 2,000 journals from 1,000 publishers, with publication dates ranging from 1665 to 2015 (for certain titles). JSTOR also provides:
- Free access to Early Journal Content published before the last 95 years in the United States or before the last 143 years if initially published internationally.
- A collection of nearly 150 open-access journals covering the humanities, social sciences, and sciences.
- JSTOR allows anyone to register for a free personal JSTOR account and provides access to 100 free monthly articles.
Project Muse
Project MUSE offers online access to a vast collection of scholarly journals, books, and academic resources in the humanities, social sciences, and arts. As a leading provider of digital humanities content, it features high-quality, peer-reviewed publications from prestigious university presses, scholarly societies, and academic publishers.
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses is a database of dissertations and theses from universities worldwide. It provides access to millions of full-text works across many disciplines, including the social sciences, humanities, sciences, and business. Each dissertation includes an abstract or summary that provides a concise overview of the research, its methodology, and key findings.
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect is a leading full-text scholarly scientific database that provides journal articles and book chapters from more than 2,500 peer-reviewed journals and more than 11,000 books. It covers over 24 major subjects in the physical sciences and engineering, life sciences, health sciences, social sciences, and the humanities.
Social Science Full Text
Social Sciences Full Text provides access to a wide range of scholarly literature in the social sciences. It covers many disciplines, including sociology, psychology, international relations, political science, anthropology, economics, and education.
Web of Science
Web of Science is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary research and citation index that provides access to a wide range of scientific, technical, social science, and humanities research. It maintains rigorous criteria for the journals and publications it indexes, ensuring that only high-quality, peer-reviewed content is included. Web of Science includes 98 million papers dating back to 1900.
Political Science Databases
Searching general databases can sometimes yield an overwhelming number of results. To refine your search, consider using a subject-specific research database. The following research databases specialize in political science, covering topics like international relations, comparative politics, public policy, and political theory.
Annual Review of Political Science
The Annual Reviews are peer-reviewed academic journals that publish comprehensive and critical literature review articles in many academic disciplines. The Annual Review of Political Science publishes literature reviews of major developments across the field, including political theory, international relations, political economy, political behavior, American and comparative politics, public administration, public policy, and research methodology.
Columbia International Affairs Online (CIAO)
Columbia International Affairs Online (CIAO) is a comprehensive public policy resource for the study and practice of international relations, global policy, and diplomacy. Developed by Columbia University Press, CIAO provides scholarly journals, policy briefs, conference proceedings, working papers, and e-books produced by leading think tanks, research institutes, and publishers worldwide. CIAO also provides case studies, country profiles, and interactive datasets.
EBSCO Political Science Complete
EBSCO Political Science Complete is a full-text research database providing comprehensive coverage of political science literature, including journals, books, conference papers, and other publications. It encompasses various sub-disciplines within political science, such as political theory, comparative politics, international relations, public administration, and more.
Overton
Overton is the world’s largest database for tracking the influence of research on public policy. Overton provides policy documents, official reports, guidelines, and parliamentary records from governments, think tanks, and international organizations worldwide. It has the largest collection of policy-related material, hard-to-find resources, and gray literature linked to academic research.
PAIS® Index
The PAIS® Index is a public policy database that tracks scholarship and policy research in public affairs, social sciences, and international relations. First developed in 1914 to organize literature on important public issues, PAIS provides a comprehensive index of journal articles, books, government documents, statistical reports, conference proceedings, and gray literature from around the world.
Policy Commons
Policy Commons is a database that provides access to policy reports, working papers, briefs, and other publications from think tanks, NGOs, research institutes, and international organizations. It contains millions of documents covering topics such as economics, governance, environment, health, and international affairs. It also includes archived content from organizations that no longer maintain their own websites.
Policy File
Policy File Index is a ProQuest database that provides public policy research and analysis produced by think tanks, nongovernmental organizations, research institutes, and university centers. It covers topics such as economics, foreign policy, security, environment, education, and social issues. It also includes materials such as policy briefs, reports, and working papers, which are primarily published in the United States.
Political Science Network (SSRN)
The Political Science Network sits on SSRN an online repository and preprint server where researchers can upload working papers. It is an open-access service that provides “early print” research and working papers before they are published in journals. SSRN includes exploratory investigations, book chapters, PhD dissertations, course and teaching materials, presentations, and research posters.
ProQuest’s Political Science
ProQuest’s Political Science is a major political science database providing access to high-quality, full-text articles from over 500 leading scholarly, peer-reviewed political science and international relations journals. ProQuest Political Science also provides access to recent, full-text political science dissertations from U.S. and Canadian universities and current working papers from the Political Science Research Network.
ProQuest Trends and Policy
ProQuest Trends and Policy compiles primary source documents related to U.S. government policy. It includes congressional hearings, committee prints, reports, legislative research studies, and other materials that document the development of public policy over time. The resource is organized around the following key topics: Civil Rights, Civil Criminal Justice, Environment, Healthcare, Immigration, Taxes, and the IRS.
Worldwide Political Science Abstracts
Worldwide Political Science Abstracts provides citations, abstracts, and indexing of the international serials literature in political science and its complementary fields, including international relations, law, and public administration. 67% of the monitored journals are published outside the United States, and nearly 500,000 records beginning in 1975. Coverage includes general political science, international relations, and comparative politics.
Political Science Journals
When conducting scholarly research, you should cite articles from high-quality peer-reviewed journals. Journal Citation Reports (JCR) is widely regarded as one of the best and most authoritative subscription databases for evaluating the impact and quality of scholarly journals.
Journal Citation Reports lists the American Political Science Review as the most cited political science journal for 2024. To review the JCR list of highly cited political science journals, go to Journal Citation Reports and choose Categories > Social Sciences, General > Political Science. Listed below are the 10 most cited political science journals for 2024.
Most Cited Political Science Journals of 2024
American Political Science Review
The American Political Science Review is the most cited journal in the field of political science, publishing peer-reviewed research and review essays across all major subfields, including political theory, American politics, public policy, public administration, comparative politics, and international relations.
American Journal of Political Science
The American Journal of Political Science publishes research across all major areas of political science, including American politics, public policy, international relations, comparative politics, methodology, and political theory, advancing knowledge of citizenship, governance, and politics.
Journal of Politics
The Journal of Politics, published for the Southern Political Science Association, is a general-interest political science journal featuring diverse research from all major subfields, including American politics, comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and methodology.
International Organization
International Organization (IO) is a top peer-reviewed journal in international affairs. It publishes articles that develop broad theories, advance social science research, and present new empirical findings on the wide range of topics that shape international relations and global politics.
Comparative Political Studies
Comparative Political Studies is a leading journal in comparative politics, publishing research on methodology, theory, and cross-national political issues. It provides in-depth analyses on a wide range of topics, including democratic consolidation, electoral systems, human rights, regional integration, and political economy.
Journal of European Public Policy
The Journal of European Public Policy (JEPP) is a leading publication in public policy, European politics, and EU studies. It publishes analytical, theoretical, and methodological articles that explore the dynamics of public policy in Europe through a variety of social science approaches.
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory
The Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory (JPART), the official journal of the Public Management Research Association, is a top publication in public administration, featuring high-quality theoretical and empirical research. Multidisciplinary in scope, it covers organizational, managerial, administrative, and policy-based studies that advance public administration theory.
Political Psychology
Political Psychology, the journal of the International Society of Political Psychology, explores the intersection of psychology, politics, and governance. It publishes high-quality research using a wide range of methods and topics, from studies of public opinion and political elites to analyses of democratic and non-democratic systems and international relations.
Annual Review of Political Science
The Annual Reviews are peer-reviewed academic journals that publish comprehensive and critical literature review articles in many academic disciplines. The Annual Review of Political Science publishes literature reviews of major developments across the field, including political theory, international relations, political economy, political behavior, American and comparative politics, public administration, public policy, and research methodology.
Public Opinion Quarterly
Public Opinion Quarterly (POQ) offers high-quality interdisciplinary research. It publishes influential theoretical work on opinion and communication, analyses of public opinion, and studies on survey methodology, including sampling, questionnaire design, interviewing, and administration methods.
Political News
You are likely already familiar with major media sources that provide the latest news, opinions, and analyses of political events. These include The New York Times, MSNBC, NPR, CNN, The Washington Post, The Hill, and, The Wall Street Journal. However, several subscription news sources scholars and academics use are crucial for staying up-to-date with political and government issues.
Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Magazine
Congressional Quarterly Magazine, or CQ Magazine (formerly CQ Weekly), is a political publication that provides in-depth coverage of the United States Congress and the federal government. It offers up-to-date analysis, news, and insights into congressional activities, legislation, elections, and politics.
Congressional Quarterly (CQ) News
Congressional Quarterly News, or CQ News, provides up-to-date news and coverage of the United States Congress, congressional legislation, and government affairs. CQ News provides comprehensive reporting, policy news and analysis, legislative tracking, and news on legislative activities, policy developments, elections, and political news at the federal level.
Economist
The Economist is a weekly British international magazine that provides up-to-date news and information on global politics and the economy. Widely regarded as one of the most influential magazines in the world, it covers current affairs, politics, business, finance, science, technology, and culture.
Foreign Policy Magazine
Foreign Policy focuses on global affairs and international relations. Founded in 1970, it is one of the leading publications in the field. Foreign Policy covers geopolitics, diplomacy, security, economics, human rights, development, relations between countries, the decisions governments and individual leaders make, and how global forces such as war, trade, climate change, technology, and diplomacy shape everyday life. Major regions covered include Asia and the Pacific, China, the Middle East and Africa, the Americas, and Europe.
National Journal
The National Journal is a political publication focused on politics and policy in the United States. It provides in-depth analysis, insights, and reporting on a range of issues, including government, legislation, campaigns, and political trends. The online subscription includes Hotline, a daily newsletter that provides analysis of U.S. politics, focusing on elections, campaigns, and political trends; and Almanac+, which provides in-depth political and demographic data and analysis of politicians and Congress.
Politico
POLITICO.com is a major news organization that specializes in political journalism. It covers U.S. and international politics, policy, and government affairs, providing breaking news, analysis, and in-depth reporting. Most articles and general news on the POLITICO.com website are accessible without a subscription. POLITICO Pro is a premium, subscription-based service providing in-depth policy analysis, real-time alerts, and exclusive reports. It provides specialized coverage across multiple policy areas such as healthcare, technology, energy, and defense.
Roll Call
Roll Call is a news publication focusing on the U.S. Congress, politics, and government affairs. It provides in-depth coverage of legislative activities, policy developments, elections, and the inner workings of Capitol Hill. Roll Call is considered an important source of information for anyone interested in the insider politics of Congress, with frequent coverage on congressional members and political trends.
World Politics Review
The World Politics Review is an online magazine that provides in-depth analysis on global politics, foreign policy, and international relations. It covers a wide range of topics, including conflicts, economics, diplomacy, and the impact of global political trends. World Politics Review offers articles, reports, and special features written by experts.
Country Profiles
When studying political science, country profiles are great sources for locating factual information, data, and background information on the historical, political, institutional, and economic conditions of countries and territories. Listed below are some of the best resources for country profiles.
BBC News Country Profiles
BBC News Country Profiles provides historical overviews, economic conditions, institutional backgrounds, and a summary of current political events. Information provided includes current heads of state, major political figures, population, capitals, monetary units, and major religions.
Country Watch
CountryWatch is a geopolitical and global subscription news resource providing country reports for nearly 200 countries. It provides regularly updated publications for each country, including demographic, political, economic, business, cultural, and environmental information. Topics covered include political and economic conditions, current events, business, and history.
If your school or organization subscribes to one of the Lexis Nexis databases, (such as Nexis Uni) you can access individual CountryWatch profiles there.
CQ Press Political Handbook of the World
The CQ Political Handbook of the World, published by SAGE Congressional Quarterly, provides country-level data for more than 200 nations. It offers detailed information about political history, social movements, economics, and current issues. Users can browse by political and electoral systems across seven categories, including regime type, democracy, type, Freedom House Rating, election rules, party, system, and system of government.
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) - View Point
EIU Viewpoint (formerly Viewswire) is the new EIU platform that combines three products: Country Analysis, Financial Risk, and Operational Risk. Access to individual products depends on an institution’s description. EIU Viewpoint provides political, policy, and economic analysis and data. It includes in-depth country reports, forecasts, analysis, and expert opinions on matters of economic and geopolitical significance.
EIU Viewpoint includes a Data Tool providing access to key economic historical, current, and forecasted country data.
Europa World Plus
Europa World Plus is the online version of the famous reference source, Europa World Year Book. It provides political, economic, and historical information for over 250 countries and territories, including statistics. Europa World Plus also contains the nine-volume Europa Regional Surveys of the World series. Europa provides up-to-date government lists and recent election results for every country in the world, as well as a who’s who of major political figures.
Freedom House - Countries and Territories
Freedom House is a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in the United States that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political rights, and civil liberties worldwide. Freedom House – Countries and Territories provides ratings of citizens’ access to political rights and civil liberties in 210 countries and 15 territories, ranging from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free).
Statesman's Yearbook
The Statesman’s Yearbook provides country profiles, with information on key historical events, demographics, city profiles, social statistics, climate, recent elections, current leaders, defense, international relations, economy, energy and natural resources, industry, international trade, religion, culture, and diplomatic representatives, and more.
World Bank Country Profiles
World Bank Country Profiles are comprehensive reports and data summaries that provide an overview of the economic and social conditions of individual countries. These profiles are published by the World Bank, an international financial institution that provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries for over 150 nations.
Research Methods
Research methods are how researchers gather and study information to help answer questions. In the social sciences, these methods can be qualitative (like interviews or observations) or quantitative (like surveys or statistics). As a student, you’ll likely take a research methods course that introduces you to the basics of how social science research works. Below are some of the most helpful resources available that explain different types of research methods and discuss how to collect and analyze both qualitative and quantitative data.
Sage Research Methods
Sage Research Methods is a major subscription database that guides users in understanding research methodologies across different academic disciplines. It provides electronic access to reference books, journal articles, instructional videos, and other qualitative methods resources.

Political Science Methods Resources
The following resources provide in-depth information on various research design concepts, methodologies, and techniques specific to the political sciences. For further details, we provide links to Amazon or the publisher’s website. To locate each at your school, do a title search in your library’s catalog.
























































































































