International Relations

The study of how countries, organizations, and other global actors interact on the world stage, focusing on diplomacy, conflict, and cooperation.
President Barack Obama chairs a United Nations Security Council meeting at U.N. Headquarters in New York City, Sept. 24, 2009. (Official White House photo by Pete Souza)

Overview

International relations is the study of how states and other global actors interact or come into conflict. It examines issues such as diplomacy, trade, war, human rights, and global challenges. It also uses insights from history, politics, and economics to understand and address problems in world affairs.

Research in the field focuses on how power, cooperation, and ideas shape life across borders, such as state security and migration, to climate policy and global inequality.

Do You Know
More than 300 years before International Relations was recognized as a formal academic discipline, Dutch diplomat Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) was its intellectual founder by arguing in his 1625 work De Jure Belli ac Pacis, that war must follow rules. Learn More
Hugo Grotius
Portrait of Hugo Grotius by Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, 1631

International Relations FAQ

International relations studies cover a wide range of topic areas. However, most universities traditionally divide these topical areas into the following key areas of study:

  • Foreign Policy
  • International Law
  • International Organizations
  • International Political Economy
  • International Security 

International relations is one of the most interdisciplinary social sciences. The typical IR major will likely take core courses and electives in economicsforeign languagehistorylaw, and political science.

International Relations Subfields

Many schools offer courses in various international relations subfields. Listed below are guides for the key areas of international relations. You can scroll through the listing or view all subfields

Foreign Policy

The study of government’s strategy in managing its interactions with other nations to safeguard national interests, achieve goals, and uphold values.

International Law

The study of the laws that govern the relationships and conduct of sovereign states, international organizations, and, in certain cases, individuals.

International Organizations

The study of how the world’s intergovernmental (IGOs) and non-governmental (NGOs) organizations address global issues.

International Political Economy

The study of the reciprocal relationship between international politics and economics in areas such as international trade, finance, development.

International Security

The study of the measures taken by states and international organizations to prevent conflict and maintain peace, primarily through military means.

International Reference

Political almanacs provide information about political systems, elections, government officials, and related data. They include election results, biographical and professional details of current and past government officials, overviews of legislatures, profiles of major and minor political parties, and summaries of major policy issues.

Yearbooks, like Europa World Year Book and The Statesman's Yearbook, are annual reference books that provide up-to-date facts and figures about countries and international organizations around the world. They also include political and economic overviews, information about governments, leaders, and political parties, key statistics (e.g., population, GDP, exports/imports, etc.), and information on history, society, media, and international relations.

Atlases and maps provide valuable spatial and geographic context, helping scholars and researchers understand how geography, borders, resources, and territory influence politics, power, and international relations. Maps are especially important for revealing politically disputed areas, changing boundaries, and regions with overlapping claims.

 

A bibliography lists referenced sources, such as books, articles, documents, websites, and other academic materials used in research.

 

Dictionaries are important for understanding and contextualizing words, concepts, and terminology. Various political science dictionaries provide clarity when exploring complex political concepts, systems, and theories, offering clear definitions of key political terms.

Subject encyclopedias are specialized reference works providing in-depth information on specific discipline topics. Unlike general encyclopedias that cover a wide range of topics, subject encyclopedias focus exclusively on one field, offering detailed and comprehensive entries written by experts. For a list of general and specialized encyclopedia databases, go to Getting Started – Reference Resources.

 

 

 

Handbooks provide authoritative overviews, in-depth analyses, and critical discussions of a particular academic field, discipline, or topic. The following are important general handbooks in political science.

 

 

Introductions provide brief but comprehensive introductions to a subject. Written by experts, introductions present key ideas, theories, and debates understandably. The following books are ideal for readers new to political science, providing foundational knowledge without requiring prior expertise.

 

General Databases

Academic libraries subscribe to a diverse range of research databases.  EBSCO and ProQuest are two of the largest providers of research databases. Most colleges and universities offer access to one or both platforms. Here are some key insights about each:

  • Both are multidisciplinary research databases covering multiple disciplines.
  • Both provide access to dozens of subject databases with a single search interface, which allows users to search multiple databases simultaneously.
  • Both provide a varied mix of e-booksscholarly journalspeer-reviewed journalstrade publicationsmagazinesimages, and newspapers.

EBSCOhost is a major research database platform that allows users to search multiple EBSCO databases simultaneously. The difference between EBSCOhost and Academic Search is that Academic Search can be searched as part of the EBSCOhost platform or searched separately if your institution has a subscription. To check if your institution subscribes to EBSCOhost, use EBSCO’s Find your institution page.

EBSCO

ProQuest is a major database vendor and platform that provides access to hundreds of database collections. The ProQuest platform provides a multidisciplinary search with access to scholarly ebooks, journals, video and audio, newspapers, and more, all searchable simultaneously. ProQuest is unique for providing dissertations and theses, historical newspapers, and other primary sources.

ProQuest

Scholarly Databases

Scholarly research databases provide peer-reviewed academic journal articles, book reviews, and other scholarly resources authored by scholars, researchers, or academics who are experts in their fields. Unlike magazines (Time, Newsweek, etc.) that focus on current events, news, and general-interest stories written by journalists, articles in scholarly journals undergo rigorous review before publication. 

If your assignment requires the use of scholarly, peer-reviewed articles, here is a list of several of the most important multidisciplinary scholarly research databases.

Google Scholar is a free academic search engine that helps researchers and studentsfind scholarly literature across disciplines. It indexes journal articles, books, conference papers, theses, patents, and other resources from academic publishers, universities, and professional organizations.

Google Scholar

The International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS), compiled by the British Library of Political and Economic Science at the London School of Economics, provides access to a vast collection of scholarly literature in the social sciences. Covering multiple disciplines, IBSS includes references to journal articles, books, newspapers, and dissertations, with records dating back to 1951.

International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)

JSTOR is an important scholarly research database for the humanities, social sciences, and sciences. It provides the full text of articles from thousands of influential academic journals. In addition to journal articles, users can access eBooks, book chapters, images, and primary source documents. JSTOR also provides an AI research tool that provides key points and arguments of articles.

JSTOR

Project MUSE offers online access to a vast collection of scholarly journals, books, and academic resources in the humanities, social sciences, and arts. As a leading provider of digital humanities content, it features high-quality, peer-reviewed publications from prestigious university presses, scholarly societies, and academic publishers.

ProjectMUSE

ProQuest Dissertations & Theses is a database of dissertations and theses from universities worldwide. It provides access to millions of full-text works across many disciplines, including the social sciences, humanities, sciences, and business. Each dissertation includes an abstract or summary that provides a concise overview of the research, its methodology, and key findings.

ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global

ScienceDirect is a leading full-text scholarly scientific database that provides journal articles and book chapters from more than 2,500 peer-reviewed journals and more than 11,000 books. It covers over 24 major subjects in the physical sciences and engineering, life sciences, health sciences, social sciences, and the humanities.

Sciencedirect

Social Sciences Full Text provides access to a wide range of scholarly literature in the social sciences. It covers many disciplines, including sociology, psychology, international relations, political science, anthropology, economics, and education.

Social Science Full Text

Web of Science is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary research and citation index that provides access to a wide range of scientific, technical, social science, and humanities research. It maintains rigorous criteria for the journals and publications it indexes, ensuring that only high-quality, peer-reviewed content is included. Web of Science includes 98 million papers dating back to 1900.

Web of Science

International Relations Databases

The Annual Reviews are peer-reviewed academic journals that publish comprehensive and critical literature review articles in many academic disciplines. The Annual Review of Political Science publishes literature reviews of major developments across the field, including political theory, international relations, political economy, political behavior, American and comparative politics, public administration, public policy, and research methodology.

Annual Review of Political Science Homepage (2024)

Columbia International Affairs Online (CIAO) is a comprehensive public policy resource for the study and practice of international relations, global policy, and diplomacy. Developed by Columbia University Press, CIAO provides scholarly journals, policy briefs, conference proceedings, working papers, and e-books produced by leading think tanks, research institutes, and publishers worldwide. CIAO also provides case studies, country profiles, and interactive datasets.

Columbia International Affairs Online (CIAO)

EBSCO Political Science Complete is a full-text research database providing comprehensive coverage of political science literature, including journals, books, conference papers, and other publications. It encompasses various sub-disciplines within political science, such as political theory, comparative politics, international relations, public administration, and more.

EBSCOhost Political Science Complete

Overton is the world’s largest database for tracking the influence of research on public policy. Overton provides policy documents, official reports, guidelines, and parliamentary records from governments, think tanks, and international organizations worldwide. It has the largest collection of policy-related material, hard-to-find resources, and gray literature linked to academic research.

Overton

The PAIS® Index is a public policy database that tracks scholarship and policy research in public affairs, social sciences, and international relations. First developed in 1914 to organize literature on important public issues, PAIS provides a comprehensive index of journal articles, books, government documents, statistical reports, conference proceedings, and gray literature from around the world.

Policy Commons is a database that provides access to policy reports, working papers, briefs, and other publications from think tanks, NGOs, research institutes, and international organizations. It contains millions of documents covering topics such as economics, governance, environment, health, and international affairs. It also includes archived content from organizations that no longer maintain their own websites.

Policy File Index is a ProQuest database that provides public policy research and analysis produced by think tanks, nongovernmental organizations, research institutes, and university centers. It covers topics such as economics, foreign policy, security, environment, education, and social issues. It also includes materials such as policy briefs, reports, and working papers, which are primarily published in the United States.

The Political Science Network  sits on SSRN  an online repository and preprint server where researchers can upload working papers. It is an open-access service that provides “early print” research and working papers before they are published in journals. SSRN includes exploratory investigations, book chapters, PhD dissertations, course and teaching materials, presentations, and research posters.

Political Science Network (SSRN)

ProQuest’s Political Science is a major political science database providing access to high-quality, full-text articles from over 500 leading scholarly, peer-reviewed political science and international relations journals. ProQuest Political Science also provides access to recent, full-text political science dissertations from U.S. and Canadian universities and current working papers from the Political Science Research Network.

ProQuest Political Science

ProQuest Trends and Policy compiles primary source documents related to U.S. government policy. It includes congressional hearings, committee prints, reports, legislative research studies, and other materials that document the development of public policy over time. The resource is organized around the following key topics:  Civil Rights, Civil Criminal Justice, Environment, Healthcare, Immigration, Taxes, and the IRS.

Worldwide Political Science Abstracts provides citations, abstracts, and indexing of the international serials literature in political science and its complementary fields, including international relations, law, and public administration. 67% of the monitored journals are published outside the United States, and nearly 500,000 records beginning in 1975. Coverage includes general political science, international relations, and comparative politics.

Worldwide Political Science Abstracts

Country Profiles

BBC News Country Profiles provides historical overviews, economic conditions, institutional backgrounds, and a summary of current political events. Information provided includes current heads of state, major political figures, population, capitals, monetary units, and major religions.

BBC News Country Profiles

CountryWatch is a geopolitical and global subscription news resource providing country reports for nearly 200 countries.  It provides regularly updated publications for each country, including demographic, political, economic, business, cultural, and environmental information. Topics covered include political and economic conditions, current events, business, and history.

CountryWatch

The CQ Political Handbook of the World, published by SAGE Congressional Quarterly, provides country-level data for more than 200 nations. It offers detailed information about political history,  social movements, economics, and current issues. Users can browse by political and electoral systems across seven categories, including regime type, democracy, type, Freedom House Rating, election rules, party, system, and system of government.

Political Handbook of the World

EIU Viewpoint (formerly Viewswire) is the new EIU platform that combines three products: Country Analysis, Financial Risk, and Operational Risk. Access to individual products depends on an institution’s description. EIU Viewpoint provides political, policy, and economic analysis and data. It includes in-depth country reports, forecasts, analysis, and expert opinions on matters of economic and geopolitical significance.

Economist intelligence unit (eiu)

Europa World Plus is the online version of the famous reference source, Europa World Year Book. It provides political, economic, and historical information for over 250 countries and territories, including statistics. Europa World Plus also contains the nine-volume Europa Regional Surveys of the World series. Europa provides up-to-date government lists and recent election results for every country in the world, as well as a who’s who of major political figures.

Europa World

Freedom House is a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in the United States that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political rights, and civil liberties worldwide. Freedom House – Countries and Territories provides ratings of citizens’ access to political rights and civil liberties in 210 countries and 15 territories, ranging from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free).

Freedom house

The Statesman’s Yearbook provides country profiles, with information on key historical events, demographics, city profiles, social statistics, climate, recent elections, current leaders, defense, international relations, economy, energy and natural resources, industry, international trade, religion, culture, and diplomatic representatives, and more.

Statesmans Yearbook

World Bank Country Profiles are comprehensive reports and data summaries that provide an overview of the economic and social conditions of individual countries. These profiles are published by the World Bank, an international financial institution that provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries for over 150 nations.

World Bank Country Profiles

International Relations Journals

When conducting scholarly research, you should cite articles from high-quality peer-reviewed journals. Journal Citation Reports (JCR) is widely regarded as one of the best and most authoritative subscription databases for evaluating the impact and quality of scholarly journals.

Journal Citation Reports ranks Marine Policy as the most-cited international relations journal. To review the entire list, go to Journal Citation Reports and choose Categories > Social Sciences, General > International Relations. Listed below are the 10 most cited international relations journals.

Most Cited International Relations Journals

Marine Policy

Marine Policy is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research on marine and ocean governance, resource management, environmental issues, and the laws and institutions that shape how nations and other actors use the seas. Issues such as maritime boundary governance, international fishing agreements, enforcement of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), marine environmental protection, and shared resource management are of particular importance to international relations scholars.

Journal Site

International Organization

International Organization is a peer-reviewed academic journal that examines how states, international institutions, and political systems interact across national borders. It publishes research, theoretical, and empirical articles on cooperation and conflict, global governance, international political economy, and security.

Journal Site

Journal of Peace Research

The Journal of Peace Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research on the causes of violence, the dynamics of conflict, and strategies for resolving conflicts peacefully.

Journal Site

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Journal of Conflict Resolution is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research on the causes, dynamics, and resolution of human conflict. It covers a range of conflict types, including international conflict between states as well as intergroup and interpersonal conflict. It draws on political science, sociology, economics, psychology, and related fields to understand why conflicts occur and how they can be managed or resolved. 

Journal Site

International Studies Quarterly

International Studies Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal published quarterly on behalf of the International Studies Association. It features original research on international studies — including topics like foreign policy, global politics, international political economy, security, conflict, and cross-border social and political processes.

Journal Site

Emerging Markets Finance and Trade

Emerging Markets Finance and Trade is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research about the economic and financial issues facing emerging markets (economies that are in the process of industrializing and integrating into the global system). It features empirical studies on topics like financial markets, investment, exchange rates, economic growth, and trade in countries across Asia, Latin America, Africa, and beyond. 

Journal Site

Political Studies

Political Studies is a quarterly, peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research across all areas of political science and international relations. Topics covered include how politics operates across countries and at the global level. Its articles examine government, political ideas, public policy, power, and political behavior.

Journal Site

World Politics

World Politics is a peer-reviewed academic journal editorially sponsored by the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies at Princeton University. It publishes analytical/theoretical articles and book reviews on international relations and comparative politics.  

Journal Site

International Affairs

International Affairs is a peer-reviewed academic journal focused on global affairs and international relations. First published in 1922 by the policy institute Chatham House, it provides research on geopolitical and international issues and important events occurring in international relations today.

Journal Site

World Economy

The World Economy is a well-established, peer-reviewed scholarly journal that focuses on how the global economy actually works in practice. The journal publishes research that explains how countries trade with one another, how money and investment move across borders, and how economic policies affect growth and development around the world.

Journal Site

IR Research Methods

Research methods are how researchers gather and study information to help answer questions. In the social sciences, these methods can be qualitative (interviews or observations) or quantitative (surveys or statistics). As a student, you’ll likely take a research methods or research design course that introduces you to the basics of how social science research works. Below are helpful resources that explain different research methods and discuss how to collect and analyze both qualitative and quantitative data.

Sage Research Methods

Sage Research Methods is a major subscription database that guides users in understanding research methodologies across different academic disciplines. It provides electronic access to reference books, journal articles, instructional videos, and other qualitative methods resources.

Search Research Methods

The following subject-specific books also provide overviews and explanations of research design concepts, methodologies, and techniques used in International Relations.